h3n2 virus

immunization with the adjuvant-combined trivalent vaccine provides cross-protection against a broad range of viruses. The primary trivalent vaccine was composed of A/Yamagata/120/86 (A/Yamagata) (H1N1), A/Sichuan (H3N2), and B/Nagasaki/1/87 (B/Nagasaki) virus vaccines, together with CT-B*, while the second trivalent vaccine was composed of A/Bangkok/10/83 (A/Bangkok) (H1N1), A/Fukuoka (H3N2), and B/Aichi/5/88 (B/Aichi) virus vaccines. The H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 subtypes are often associated with acute respiratory disease in pigs and, in some cases, with more chronic, multifactorial respiratory disease problems in combination with other viruses or bacteria. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. These results suggest that i.n. Recente uitbraken van H3N2. Since the 2009 pandemic, further reassortant viruses of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus and other IAV strains circulating in pigs have been detected in many different countries. In contrast to Europe, the H3N2 virus circulating in North American swine is a triple reassortant containing: HA, NA and PB1 of human origin; NP, M and NS genes originating from the classical swine H1N1; and PA and PB2 genes of north American avian virus origin. In European swine, circulating H3N2 viruses are reassortants of the classical H1N1 (avian-like) virus with the human H3N2 (avian-like HA and NA with internal genes from human H3N2 virus). Sprenger, R.J.A. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Other rare reports of avian subtypes of IAV affecting dogs include an HPAI H5N2 virus and H9N2 viruses. Humanized anti-RSV immunoglobulins (palivizumab) are available for the prevention of RSV infection in high-risk groups (neonates and infants with congenital heart or lung disease), but are very expensive. In 1989‘90 was het oorzakelijke virus het subtype H3N2, in 1988’89 het subtype H1N1 en het subtype H3N2.1 In figuur 1 zijn de incidenties van influenza-achtige ziektebeelden (IAZ) van deze epidemieën weergegeven; tevens is daarin het seizoen 1987‘88 weergegeven, waarin zo goed als geen sprake was van influenza-activiteit. Postema en N. Masurel, Alle NTvG-publicaties over covid-19, en meer betrouwbare informatie. Doorgaans zijn griepseizoenen die worden gedomineerd door H3N2-activiteit ernstiger, vooral onder risicogroepen zoals oudere volwassenen en jongere kinderen. In Europe, H1N1 subtypes were introduced into the pig population from wild ducks. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Weekly U.S. In de tabel zijn 11 isolaten opgenomen die in de loop van de epidemie zijn geïsoleerd. Swine-to-human transmission; rare, limited human-to-human. Griep veroorzaakt door H3N2-virussen overheerste tijdens het griepseizoen 2017/18. The virus was introduced into the USA in 2015, presumed to be due to importation of dogs rescued from the Far East. The canine H3N8 virus spread to other dog populations throughout the USA, mainly affecting dogs housed in large groups, e.g., dogs in animal shelters, boarding kennels and day-care centers. Er is duidelijk verband tussen de kweekresultaten en het aantal IAZ. Niederman, in Encyclopedia of Respiratory Medicine, 2006. In 1989‘90 was het oorzakelijke virus het subtype H3N2, in 1988’89 het subtype H1N1 en het subtype H3N2.1 In figuur 1 zijn de incidenties van influenza-achtige ziektebeelden (IAZ) van deze epidemieën weergegeven; tevens is daarin het seizoen 1987‘88 weergegeven, waarin zo goed als geen sprake was van influenza-activiteit. Influenza A H3N2 variant viruses (also known as “H3N2v” viruses) with the matrix (M) gene from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus were first detected in people in July 2011. Use of ribavirin in combination with other specific anti-influenza drugs for treatment of severe influenza infection has shown promising in vitro effects and is under investigation in vivo. Earlier attempts at the production of a formaldehyde-inactivated RSV vaccine were associated with more severe forms of disease in vaccinees. Convalescent plasmatherapy, monoclonal antibodies and other forms of immunomodulation have shown promising results, warranting further evaluation in clinical trials. The 2009 influenza pandemic caused by an H1N1 virus that originated in pigs and was a reassortant with genome segments from several viruses circulating in swine. In de regio Eindhoven zijn in de tweede helft van november 1989 de eerste influenza A-virussen geïsoleerd. Australia had previously been free from equine IAV and succeeded, at great expense, in eradicating it within 6 months of its emergence. The current vaccine includes three strains: two influenza A strains (H3N2 and H1N1) and one influenza B strain. The most recent noteworthy epidemic of equine IAV was in Australia in 2007/2008. The adamantanes and oseltamivir are available as oral preparations; zanamivir is administered through inhalation. Ze tonen onderling een nauwe antigene verwantschap. The adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine) and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir) are specific antiviral drugs for influenza. De incidentie tijdens de epidemiologische periode (48e week 1989 tot en met 4e week 1990) bedroeg in de grote steden 314 gevallen van IAZ per 10.000, tegenover 205 in de plattelandsgemeenten en 212 in de sub-urbane gebieden. De totale omvang van de epidemie die 9 weken duurde, was 232 IAZ per 10.000, steeds 5 dagen per week geregistreerd. Vaccination is recommended for all patients aged over 65, and to those with chronic medical illness (including nursing home residents), and to those who provide healthcare to patients at risk for complicated influenza. For older persons with chronic illness, the efficacy is less, but the vaccine can still attenuate the influenza infection and lead to fewer lower respiratory tract infections and the associated morbidity and mortality that follow influenza. immunization using a two-dose regimen with a small volume of CT-B*-com-bined trivalent vaccine for the effects on cross-protection against challenge (Tamura et al., 1992b). The equine H3N8 viruses were initially a single lineage, which later evolved into two lineages (American and Eurasian). Don’t take food or drink into pig areas; don’t eat, drink or put anything in your mouth in pig areas. In addition, the dominant lineages of H3N2 and H1N1 in the 2007–2008 season were resistant against adamantanes and oseltamivir, respectively. Influenza viruses that normally circulate in pigs are called “variant” viruses when they are found in people. The virus was first isolated in 2004, but retrospective serological investigation suggested it had been circulating among greyhounds for some years prior to its identification. De gekozen A(H3N2) vaccinstam van clade 3C.3a lijkt niet goed te kunnen beschermen tegen deze twee varianten. Influenza A viruses naturally infect humans. The virus is reported to contain gene segments from several different avian subtypes. There are licensed vaccines for influenza viruses. The variant H3N2 virus is a descendent of a lineage of a triple-reassortant H3N2 virus with human, avian, and swine segments that began widely circulating in North American pigs in 1997-1998.199 The first human infection caused by this variant was not recognized until 2005 in Kansas, and only sporadic human cases were recognized before 2011.200 In 2010, the virus was observed to have acquired the M (matrix) segment from the pandemic H1N1 virus (Fig. The efficacy of these vaccines is good when the vaccine strains chosen are highly related antigenically to the epidemic strain. These triple reassortants are believed to have further acquired HA genes of diverse origins, leading to the appearance of the triple reassortant H1N2 virus (acquiring its HA from the classical swine H1N1). Several influenza A subtypes co-circulate globally in humans in varying proportion, causing respiratory disease during the winter months in temperate climates, and during months of highest humidity in dry climates. More recently, two subtypes of IAV (H3N8 and H3N2) have become established in dogs. Janet Daly, Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert, in Reference Module in Life Sciences, 2019. Influenza B viruses co-circulate globally with influenza A viruses and contribute to the burden of seasonal influenza (Fig. To further reduce the risk of infection, minimize contact with pigs in the pig barn and arenas. It’s possible that sporadic infections and even localized outbreaks among people with this virus will continue to occur. Equine IAV of the H3N8 subtype is endemic in many American, European and Asian countries and occasionally causes epidemics. Inoculation by the altered route resulted in an immunizing asymptomatic infection. For further details, see the footnote to, Medical Microbiology (Eighteenth Edition), International Journal of Infectious Diseases. Vaccines for the other respiratory viruses are currently not available. This virus possessed a unique combination of gene segments, including genes that originated from swine, avian, and human influenza viruses that were established in pigs in North America and Europe (see Fig. Two subtypes of IAV have circulated endemically in equids: H7N7 and H3N8. All US military recruits were vaccinated against adenovirus from 1971 to 1999 with near complete prevention of the disease in this population, but the sole manufacturer of the vaccine halted production in 1996 and supplies ran out 3 years later. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. Infections with H3N2v have mostly been associated with prolonged exposure to pigs at agricultural fairs. Subunit RSV vaccines likely will be tested in the setting of maternal immunization shortly. In some parts of the world (especially Southeast Asia), antibiotics are extensively used to treat any form of mild respiratory illness. The role of concomitant steroids for these infections is unclear. H3N2 is a subtype of the Influenza A virus, which is an important cause of human influenza. Historically, there were occasional reports of sporadic transmission and sub-clinical infection of dogs with IAV of human origin with no evidence of onward transmission. De epidemie bereikte in week 51 van 1989 het hoogtepunt met 54 gevallen per 10.000 inwoners per week. Mutant strains with reduced pathogenicity were isolated in the laboratory, tested, and sequenced. Sporadic infection of equids with other IAV subtypes occurs rarely. M.J.W. During 2012, there were multiple outbreaks of H3N2v resulting in 309 reported cases. De overige A(H3N2) virussen waren twee varianten van clade 3C.2a1b virussen die veel in Europa zijn aangetoond. However, 16 of the 18 influenza A HA subtypes and 9 of the 11 NA subtypes have been isolated from wild aquatic birds, which serve as a natural reservoir and a source of novel genes for pandemic influenza viruses. Antibodies were detected in other dogs, but no transmission of disease to in-contact dogs was observed. Florida clade 2 (FC2) viruses, on the other hand, predominate in Europe, but viruses from this clade have also been isolated in Asia and North America. In contrast, two lineages of H1N1 circulate in the USA; the ‘classical’ H1N1 (cH1N1) lineage was first identified in 1930 is also found in Asia and the ‘reassortant’ H1N1 (rH1N1) viruses with HA and NA of cH1N1 and the internal proteins of a recently emerged H3N2 subtype virus. In vogels, mensen en varkens, heeft het virus gemuteerd in vele stammen. Although there may be some benefit of the use of antibiotics in preventing secondary bacterial infection, over-the-counter availability of antibiotics, self-medication or medication by untrained pharmacy workers should be discouraged because of the selection and subsequent spread of resistance in commensal oral and gut flora. Essentially, these were unmodified viruses given by the enteric route in capsules, instead of the respiratory route, which is the natural route of infection leading to disease. Overall, viruses in the Florida sublineage have dominated since its emergence. 14-8) and to have become more frequent in swine, raising concerns about enhanced transmissibility and an increased burden of disease in humans.201 After that reassortment event was recognized in swine, 12 human cases were recognized in 2011 in five states.202 Similar to the larger 2012 outbreak, disease occurred mostly in children and agricultural event exposure was prominent with limited person-to-person transmission.203 Serologic studies demonstrated little cross-protective immunity in young children.204 In contrast, a significant proportion of older children and adults appeared to have such immunity, likely owing to similarities with H3N2 viruses that circulated in the 1990s and earlier.204 Studies show that current trivalent influenza vaccines offer little protection against the variant H3N2 virus.204 The emergence of this virus provides a further demonstration of the critical role swine play in influenza virus evolution and the need for a “One Health” approach to influenza prevention and control (see “Vector-borne and Zoonotic Diseases”). The vaccines currently employed are trivalent inactivated vaccines containing influenza A viruses of different subtypes (H1N1, H3N2) and B viruses to protect the prevalence of viruses of different subtypes or types. For severe forms of influenza or H5N1 infection, treatment with oseltamivir is also of benefit when initiated in a later stage. Diepersloot, M. Stuiver, C.A. Before 1968, there was no case of H3N2 virus circulating in human. Influenza B viruses do not undergo antigenic shift as there is no animal reservoir and, although epidemics do occur at 3–6-year intervals, they never reach pandemic proportions. Parenteral formulations of oseltamivir and zanamivir, and two new neuraminidase inhibitors (peramivir and laninamivir) are under investigation for the treatment of severe influenza. As can be seen from the foregoing discussion, influenza A virus subtypes circulating in humans (H1N1 and H3N2) were ultimately derived from an animal reservoir. In the US, trivalent and quadrivalent (H3N2, H1N1, and one or two B antigen) inactivated intramuscular vaccine and a live attenuated trivalent vaccine for intranasal administration are available. The prototype equine H7N7 virus was isolated from horses in Prague in 1956 when it was termed ‘equine subtype 1’. Now, vaccine candidates are being optimized by combining mutations from separate biologically derived viruses into single strains using recombinant techniques for generating RNA viruses from cDNA copies, a process called reverse genetics. Influenza A viruses of the H1N1, H3N2, and (rarely) H1N2 subtypes are currently circulating among humans whereas H2N2 viruses circulated among humans in the mid-1900s. Cross-Protection against Different Influenza Viruses in Mice Having Received a Primary and Secondary Intranasal Immunization of a Trivalent Virus Vaccine, M. Zambon, in Medical Microbiology (Eighteenth Edition), 2012. Antigenic drift caused by point mutations in the HA and NA molecules leads to antigenic divergence, requiring new vaccines to be made each year. It was first identified in an animal shelter in Chicago and spread to other states within the USA far more rapidly than the H3N8 subtype had done. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Scientists suspect that H3N2 emerged through an antigenic shift, in which the hemagglutinin (H) H2 antigen on the surface of the virus mutated to become the H3 antigen. Identificatie in het Nationaal Influenza Centrum voor Nederland wees uit dat het influenza A-H3N2-virussen betrof met een duidelijke antigene verwantschap aan het vaccinvirus AShanghai1187 (H3N2). Oseltamivir was widely used in the developed world and, to a lesser extent, in the developing world to treat infection with 2009 H1N1. H3N2 wordt steeds overvloedig aanwezig in seizoensgriep. Efforts to develop coronavirus vaccines are in the preclinical stage. Supportive and, if needed, intensive care and various forms of oxygen supplementation for severe respiratory distress (tachypnea, retractions, cyanosis) are often the mainstay of treatment of respiratory viral infections. Resistance against zanamivir is rare, but its route of administration limits use in severe disease. However, the virus did not become established in dogs in Australia or the UK. De seroconversie treedt uiteraard later op. H3N2 virussen kunnen infecteren vogels en zoogdieren. An Asian lineage of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus was detected in a dog that had scavenged carcasses of chickens infected with the virus in Thailand. However, by 2018, the canine H3N8 virus seemed to have mostly died out, being limited to one large rescue center. The variant H3N2 virus is a descendent of a lineage of a triple-reassortant H3N2 virus with human, avian, and swine segments that began widely circulating in North American pigs in 1997-1998. The canine H3N8 virus is believed to have originated from horses. Vaccines against influenza virus containing inactivated forms of the at-that-time predominant lineages of H3N2, H1N1 and B viruses are produced twice a year for the northern and southern hemispheres. The viruses were first identified in U.S. pigs in 2010. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to monitor this situation closely and will report cases of H3N2v and other variant influenza viruses weekly in FluView. Don’t take toys, pacifiers, cups, baby bottles, strollers, or similar items into pig areas. To date, H5N1 vaccines have been poorly immunogenic compared to comparable seasonal influenza vaccines, but adjuvants improve immunogenicity. In seizoen 1987’88 waren er ook weinig stammen geïsoleerd, waardoor er een goede samenhang lijkt te bestaan tussen de registratie van IAZ en het aantal isolaties. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a last resort for maintaining oxygen saturation during severe viral pneumonia. Alle isolaten waren van hetzelfde subtype, namelijk H3N2 (Shanghai-achtig). Cidofovir is available for severe adenovirus infections but causes severe side effects and needs to be administered simultaneously with probenecid. Use in developing countries is limited because of the high cost and the need for annual re-vaccination. Hieruit mag geconcludeerd worden dat bij immunisatie met de Shanghaicomponent van het vaccin in het najaar van 1989 een barrière is opgeroepen tegen het epidemische A-H3N2-virus van dit seizoen. When the vaccine matches the circulating strain of influenza, it can prevent illness in 70–90% of healthy persons aged over 65. The outbreak occurred between July and September during the major period when agricultural and state fairs that exhibit swine occur.198 Most ill persons (>90%) had a history of participation in or attendance at these events, with a history of direct or indirect contact (often sustained) with swine, and there was evidence of only limited person-to-person transmission.198 Similar H3N2v viruses were identified in exhibited swine in some locations.198 In response, the CDC recommended that persons at high risk for complications of influenza, including individuals younger than 5 and those 65 years of age and older, avoid contact with swine or swine barns at agricultural fairs during 2012. The antigenic changes in influenza B result from genetic drift, as seen in influenza A after the appearance of ‘new’ virus strains. Novel reassortants of swine viruses with equine IAV have also been reported, highlighting the role swine play in the generation of new influenza viruses. Van de vaccinvirussen van vorig seizoen (ASichuan287) en van dit seizoen (AShanghai1187) laat vooral de laatstgenoemde een duidelijke verwantschap zien met de Nederlandse isolaten van het winterseizoen 1989‘90. Here is some evidence that the equine H3N8 subtype may have occasionally caused human infection in people but experimental infection of human volunteers with equine IAV was largely unsuccessful. Opvallend is dat in het recente seizoen het virus zich in korte tijd verspreidde. Shin-Ichi Tamura, Takeshi Kurata, in Mucosal Vaccines, 1996. Both have shown benefit in the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated influenza, especially when given early in the disease. Influenza C viruses are associated with much milder illness, with limited generation of genetic diversity and sporadic pattern of circulation. Evolution and Role of H3N2 in Pandemics H3N2 was responsible for one of the three major influenza pandemics that occurred in the last century. Two weeks after the second immunization, mice were challenged intranasally with a small (2 µl) or large volume (20 µ1) of A/PR8 virus, A/Guizhou-X virus or B/Ibaraki virus. Joseph S. Bresee, ... Nancy J. Cox, in Plotkin's Vaccines (Seventh Edition), 2018. Viruses in the Florida sublineage further evolved into two clades. Pandemics occur every 20–30 years on average. H3N2 is considered one of the most troubling flu strains because, like COVID-19, it is highly contagious. Laten we de H3N2-influenzavirussen eens nader bekijken. During 2011, 12 human infections with H3N2v were detected. In nagenoeg geheel Europa verliep de influenza A-epidemie synchroon en bereikte tussen Kerstmis en nieuwjaar het hoogtepunt.2 Vergelijking van incidenties tussen de Europese landen is niet mogelijk vanwege de verschillende registratie-methoden. The virus is thought to have emerged in South America, spreading northwards and subsequently almost worldwide. A highly pathogenic avian influenza of the H5N1 subtype was isolated from donkeys living in close contact with diseased birds. Influenza outbreaks have caused widespread illness to humans many times throughout history. In 1968, … Sporadic infections with H3N2v have continued to be detected since that time. The fact that most swine IAV are reassortants, usually of avian and human IAV, led to the hypothesis that swine serve as ‘mixing vessels’ for IAV through which novel viruses can be transmitted to man. This virus appeared to be a reassortant between an endemic canine H3N2 virus and the human ‘pandemic’ H1N1 subtype. The second canine IAV subtype originated from birds. The Eurasian lineage, composed of viruses isolated from horses in Europe and Asia, continues to form a single lineage, whereas the American lineage has further diverged into three sublineages: ‘South American’, ‘Kentucky’, and ‘Florida’. Table III summarizes cross-protection in mice that received a primary inoculation with one trivalent vaccine together with CT-B*, and then another trivalent vaccine 4 weeks later. 31.2).43 Widespread circulation of the 2009 H1N1 virus occurred in humans before infections in swine were documented, and humans infected with the 2009 H1N1 virus can infect swine.135 The highly pathogenic influenza A(H5N1) virus also causes illness and death in many different animal species not previously known to be infected with influenza A viruses, such as cats.136 Recently, two new subtypes of influenza were identified in bats (H17N10 and H18N11); neither of these subtypes have been detected in wild birds.137–139 Although influenza B virus infection of seals has been documented,140 humans are the primary host for influenza B viruses. Wash your hands often with soap and running water before and after exposure to pigs. Influenza A-virus subtype H3N2 ( A / H3N2) is een subtype van virussen die ervoor zorgt dat influenza (griep). De landelijke index (verstrekt door Geneeskundige Hoofdinspectie) van IAZ begon in week 48 (ingaande 27 november 1989) te stijgen (figuur 2). In figuur 2 zijn naast de index van IAZ de aantallen van positieve influenza A-kweken en van influenza A-seroconversie weergegeven. M.S. Although the same subtypes circulate in Europe and the USA, their genetic evolution is significantly different between continents. composed of A/Bangkok (H1N1), A/Fukuoka (H3N2), and B/Aichi virus vaccines. 199 The first human infection caused by this variant was not recognized until 2005 in Kansas, and only sporadic human cases were recognized before 2011. In a separate reassortment event, the swine (avian-like) H1N1 viruses also gained the human N2 gene, generating a novel H1N2 reassortant, now endemic to Europe. The influenza genome is segmented, which allows reassortment of two viruses to occur during co-infection, which sometimes leads to a major antigenic shift resulting in a pandemic. J.E. Therefore, we examined i.n. Pleconaril was developed for the common cold and inhibits picornavirus replication, but the risks (reduction of efficacy of some hormonal contraceptives and drugs used to treat HIV) outweighed the benefits for its use in the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated infections. Infections with this subtype were first reported in South Korea, where dogs are farmed for meat, and spread to other Asian countries including China and Thailand. Other articles where H3N2 virus is discussed: 1957 flu pandemic: …a new influenza A subtype, H3N2, which gave rise to the 1968 flu pandemic. There is current concern about the potential for an H5N1 or H7N9 pandemic, and experimental vaccines are being tested for these viruses. Mice received a primary immunization with a small volume of a trivalent vaccine (0.03 µg × 3) (Y.+ S.+ N.) composed of A/Yamagata (H1N1), A/Sichuan (H3N2) and B/Nagasaki irus vaccines, together with CT-B* (0.2 µg) and 4 weeks later a second immunization with a small volume (2 u.1) of another trivalent virus vaccine (0.3 µg × 3) (B.+ F.+ A.) The resulting illness had typical clinical features of influenza; 16 cases (5%) required hospitalization and one fatality occurred in an adult.197 However, most cases (93%) were recognized in persons younger than 18 years, and the median age was 6 years. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Masurel N, Diepersloot RJA, Beyer WEP. Rima Khabbaz, ... James M. Hughes, in Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases (Eighth Edition), 2015. Influenzaseizoen1988 ‘89; vaccinsamenstelling voor seizoen 1989’90.Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1989; 133:635-6. Influenza Surveillance Report, New Study Finds Influenza during Pregnancy is Associated with Increased Risk of Pregnancy Loss and Reduced Birthweight, Deaths in South Korea Following Flu Vaccination, Flu Testing and Treatment When SARS-CoV-2 and Flu Viruses are Co-circulating, Flu Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minority Groups, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD), Key Facts about Swine Influenza (Swine Flu) in Pigs, Information for Pork Producers and People Who Work With or Raise Pigs, What People Who Raise Pigs Need To Know About Influenza (Flu), Workers Employed at Commercial Swine Farms, Key Facts for People Exhibiting Pigs at Fairs, Issues for Fair Organizers to Consider When Planning Fairs, Key Facts about Human Infections with Variant Viruses, Reported Infections with Variant Influenza Viruses in the United States, Published Reports of Human Infections with Variant Viruses, Interim Guidance for Clinicians on Human Infections, Supplemental Interim Guidance for School Administrators on H3N2v, Prevention Strategies for Seasonal and Influenza A (H3N2)v in Health Care Settings, Interim Information for Clinicians about Human Infections with H3N2v Virus, Interim Guidance for Enhanced Influenza Surveillance: Additional Specimen Collection for Detection of Influenza A (H3N2) Variant Virus Infections, Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspect Influenza A (H3N2)v Virus Infection, Interim Guidance on Case Definitions to be Used For Investigations of Influenza A (H3N2)v Virus Cases, Public Health Youth Agriculture Education Program, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Influenza A H3N2 variant viruses (also known as “H3N2v” viruses) with the matrix (M) gene from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus were first detected in people in July 2011. CroweJr., in Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2014. Other reassortant swine viruses have been reported in Europe (H1N7), Asia (H3N1) and the USA (H2N3) and some that only transiently affect pigs in other parts of the world (H9N2, H3N6 and H5N2). Influenza A viruses also infect poultry, pigs, horses, dogs, and occasionally sea mammals.125 Interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses has occurred and can result in severe illness, as demonstrated by the transmission of influenza A(H5N1) viruses from poultry to humans.131–134 In 2009, a novel influenza A(H1N1) virus was the cause of a worldwide pandemic. In die week was dit voor de westelijke provinciegroep (Noord-Holland, Zuid-Holland en Utrecht) 65 gevallen en voor de grote steden met meer dan 100.000 inwoners 72 gevallen per 10.000 inwoners. A closely related virus was identified as the cause of an outbreak of respiratory disease among a group of foxhounds in the UK in 2002 and some dogs became infected during the large outbreak of equine H3N8 IAV in Australia in 2007/2008. Although different lineages of human H3N2 have also been detected in pig populations in Asia, these lineages seem to undergo less antigenic drift compared to their ancestral human lineages. In tropical climates, distinct seasonality is less evident, with patterns of influenza transmission throughout the year. Subunit vaccines have been developed for RSV, but there are safety concerns about their use in young infants because formalin inactivated vaccine induced a more severe disease response to infection in the 1960s. Alle NTvG-publicaties over covid-19, en meer betrouwbare informatie. Vaccines were developed for adenovirus serotypes 4 and 7, and these were approved for preventing epidemic respiratory illness among military recruits. Dogs are sporadically infected with other types of IAV but these are not maintained in dog populations. It is given yearly, usually between September and mid November (in the northern hemisphere). Oral or aerosolized formulations of the broad-spectrum antiviral ribavirin inhibit replication of several respiratory viruses, including influenza virus and RSV; however, they are expensive, studies have not shown consistent benefit for patients with severe RSV infection and they should not be used routinely. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.

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