famine ukraine 1921

The Bolsheviks might also have wanted to consolidate their main base of support in Russia and did so by supplying it with grain and food at Ukraine’s expense. [13], Over ten million people were fed daily, with the bulk of food coming from the ARA. "[15], In May 1922, Lev Kamenev, President of the Moscow soviet, and deputy chairman of all Russian famine relief committees, wrote a letter to Col. Haskell, thanking him and the ARA for its help, while also paying tribute to the American people.[16][23]. Moreover, the Soviet authorities also exported grain from Ukraine in order to raise hard currency. — 1-е изд. By 1 March 1922, in the southern Ukrainian gubernias that were officially recognized as famine-stricken, 3.5 million people (36 percent of the population) were without food. [1] Hauptsächlich betroffen von der Hungersnot, die im Frühjahr 1921 begann und bis Ende 1922 andauerte, waren die Regionen an Wolga und Ural. selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Calculating the number of victims of the Famine of 1921–3 is difficult, because there are no systematic records of mortality during those years or during the preceding Ukrainian-Soviet War, 1917–21. The Soviet government’s famine-relief activities through 1921 were limited to the Volga region of Southern Russia. The main contributor to the international relief effort would be the American Relief Administration (ARA), founded and directed by Hoover. Pourchassés par d'autres affamés devenus pillards et, bien sûr, par l'armée et les forces de l'ordre qui, elles aussi, souffraient de la disette, ces groupes parvinrent à passer les fleuves à la nage, sur des radeaux ou sur la glace (les ponts étant gardés), surtout de nuit. Mastering Twentieth-Century Russian History. 1921-23 - The Famine The famine that struck large areas, particularly on the Volga and in Ukraine, in 1921-23 was caused only to a small degree by drought and other natural phenomena. As World War I expanded, the ARA grew, when it next entered northern France, assisting France and Germany from 1914 to 1919. In that year over 4.5 million golden roubles of property were seized. "[15] On one trip, with few car necessities or regular gas, he drove 150 miles on tires without inner tubes, instead stuffed with straw. Кривова, "Власть и церковь в 1922-1925гг", "From Empire to Humanity: The Russian Famine and the Imperial Origins of International Humanitarianism", https://books.google.com/books?id=v_Es-_Jh2qUC&printsec=frontcover#v=twopage&q&f=false, March 19, 1922 Vladimir Lenin's secret letter to Politburo about the confiscation, How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921–23 famine, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_famine_of_1921–22&oldid=985546800, Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2019, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles to be expanded from December 2019, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Water supplies were polluted with much of the plumbing unusable. After the Germans invaded Belgium in 1914, Hoover set up the Belgian Relief committee to alleviate the devastation and starvation that followed. [30] More conservative figures counted not more than a million, while another assessment, based on the ARA's medical division, spoke of two million. Holod 1921–1923 i ukraïns’ka presa v Kanadi (Toronto 1992)Kul’chyts’kyi, Stanislav; Movchan, Ol’ha. [1] Die Ukraine bemüht sich seit der Unabhängigkeit 1991 um eine internationale Anerkennung des Holodomors als Völkermord, doch ist diese Bewertung bis heute umstritten. Russia’s vast size and the disruption of the Civil War made accurate record-keeping difficult. The Russian famine of 1921–22, also known as the Povolzhye famine, was a severe famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic which began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted through 1922. — М.: Март, 1996. The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Parmi les populations victimes, il y avait une majorité de fidèles de l'Église orthodoxe, mais aussi des Juifs et des minorités musulmanes, par exemple tatares. Soviet Ukrainian officials, who had been instructed that famine relief in Russia was an absolute priority, did not broach the issue of famine in their own republic until late in 1921. The Great Famine | PBS", "A century ago America saved millions of Russians from starvation", "The Russian Job: The Forgotten Story of How America Saved the Soviet Union from Ruin", "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited", How the U.S. saved a starving Soviet Russia: PBS film highlights Stanford scholar's research on the 1921-23 famine, Н.А. In 1920 grain was requisitioned with much violence by special military expeditions (see Surplus appropriation system) and Committees of Poor Peasants, and in 1921 an unusually heavy tax in kind was imposed on the peasants of Ukraine. One of Russia's intermittent droughts in 1921 aggravated the situation to a national catastrophe. In 1921 only a quarter to a third of the regular prewar harvest was obtained in Soviet Ukraine. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. An estimated 16 million people may have been affected and up to 5 million died. Le Parti communiste russe (bolchevik) dirigeant un « État ouvrier », se devait d'approvisionner en priorité les villes ouvrières, quitte à affamer les campagnes, que sa propagande qualifiait d'« arriérées » avec une paysannerie « illettrée et superstitieuse » (c'est-à-dire croyante) et des outils « rudimentaires » (c'est-à-dire non mécanisés). [10], The early 1920s saw a series of famines. Palgrave, 2002. p. 155. The first and perhaps most benign explanation is that the famine was a by-product of the rushed Soviet effort to establish the rudiments of a centralized planned economy. ©2001 All Rights Reserved. The government of the Russian nation will never forget the generous help that was afforded them in the terrible calamity and dangers visited upon them...I wish to express, on behalf of the Soviet government, my satisfaction and thanks to the American Relief Administration, through your person, for the substantial support which they are offering to the calamity stricken population of the Volga area. [17] As historian Douglas Smith writes, the food relief would likely help "save communist Russia from ruin". Indeed, because the survey was limited to the period when the famine was at its height, it is likely that the number of deaths from 1921 to 1923 was far greater, possibly even a million or more. En l'absence de réserves, la sécheresse de mai 1921 et la politique de l'État bolchevik qui, ne reconnaissant que fort tard l'ampleur du phénomène, refusa d'amener des vivres à temps et n'accepta qu'à contrecœur l'aide du Secours ouvrier international, suffirent pour évoluer en grande famine qui devint rapidement une catastrophe nationale[2]. Der Begriff Holodomor (ukrainisch Голодомор, wörtliche Übersetzung: Tötung durch Hunger) bezeichnet eine schwere Hungersnot in der Ukraine in den Jahren 1932 und 1933, der fast vier Millionen Menschen zum Opfer fielen. He explained that fuel was unavailable for heating or cooking, and millions of Russian peasants had clothing consisting mostly of rags, which would lead to certain death from cold exposure during the approaching winter. The ARA had provided more than 768 million tons of flour, grain, rice, beans, pork, milk, and sugar, with a value at the time of over $98 million. Vingt millions de personnes souffrirent de la faim et il y eut plus d'un million de victimes, se concentrant entre le Dniepr, la Volga et le Nord Caucase[1]. That figure could be as high as eight million. Unfortunately, the Soviet government transferred massive amounts of grain from Ukraine to Russia before and during the famine. [4], Before the famine began, Russia had suffered six and a half years of World War I and the Civil Wars of 1918–20, many of the conflicts fought inside Russia. Cet État ouvrier n'avait pas à se faire aider par des « États impérialistes » et refusa donc toute aide internationale [2]. The term Holodomor emphasises the famine's man-madeand intentional aspects such as rejection of outside aid, confiscation of all househ… [27], Throughout 1922 and 1923, as famine was still widespread and the ARA was still providing relief supplies, grain was exported by the Soviet government to raise funds for the revival of industry; this seriously endangered Western support for relief. La destructuration des communautés servit la politique de l'État ouvrier consistant à accuser les popes, rabbins ou imams de cumuler des réserves alimentaires et d'être des « laquais du capitalisme » et des pourvoyeurs d'« opium du peuple », pour les déporter vers le Goulag naissant et pouvoir démolir les édifices de culte (ou les convertir en granges, cinémas ou bars) en brûlant au passage les bibliothèques[4]. Nevidomi storinky holodu 1921–1923 rr. The famine also helped produce an opening to the West: Lenin allowed relief organizations to bring aid this time. But throughout 1921 their activity was also limited to the Volga region, and only in 1922 were they allowed access to Ukraine. Many different political and military factions were involved in those events, and most of them have been accused by their enemies of having contributed to, or even bearing sole responsibility for, the famine. [38], Famine that killed 5 million in the Volga and Ural River regions, also known as Povolzhye famine. At one point, relief agencies had to give food to railroad staff to get their supplies moved. [15] In 1920 and 1921 it provided one meal a day to 3.2 million children in Finland, Estonia, various Russian regions, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, and Armenia. The Big Show in Bololand. Cette famine débuta au printemps 1921 et dura environ un an. [2][3] The famine was set in motion by drought and crop failure. La famine soviétique de 1921-1922 est la première des trois grandes famines de l'État soviétique. In an open letter to all nations, dated 13 July 1921, Gorky described the crop failure which had brought his country to the brink of starvation. Masters, Ann V. "Herbert Hoover's Humanitarian Corp Plans 32nd Reunion". [31] On the other side of the scale, some sources spoke of ten million dead. The Soviet government became aware of this disaster almost imm… The figure is certainly substantially lower than the actual number, as the survey was by no means exhaustive. I can say without boasting that no relief organization ever worked so hard to complete its task. Gubernial statistics yielded an even starker picture: 78 percent of Zaporizhia gubernia’s population and 50 percent of Mykolaiv gubernia’s were affected.

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