influenza aviaire europe

Cough, fatigue, and malaise may last some weeks. The incubation time for seasonal influenza is on average two days, but ranges from one to four days. Due to the high resistance (>99%) adamantanes are no longer recommended. The subtypes are determined by two glycoproteins on the virus surface, haemagglutinin … It is considered important that patients monitor themselves to detect if their condition deteriorates and they require medical intervention. (Killingley, 2013). Impact of influenza exposure on rates of hospital admissions and physician visits because of respiratory illness among pregnant women. All six outbreaks detected in Hungary were secondary outbreaks and seem to be the … No autochthonous cases have been reported outside China. The young have an increased risk of being infected because they have not developed immunity to the virus. When distance cannot be maintained, reducing the time of close contact with people who might be ill may be an option. Not all infected present all the symptoms. There is also evidence of a fourth type: D (Ducatez, 2015). ECDC collects epidemiological and virological data from the EU/EEA Member States. Estimating influenza-related excess mortality and reproduction numbers for seasonal influenza in Norway, 1975–2004; Epidemiol Infect. Furthermore, they do not carry any virulence markers strongly associated with human infection risk. Influenza-related deaths – available methods for estimating numbers and detecting patterns for seasonal and pandemic influenza in Europe. JAMA. Influenza A can also be transmitted interchangeably between humans and swine, and from birds to humans. FAO-DAH’s participant-driven training improves influenza surveillance in Viet Nam >>>, 09 November 2016 Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. From the start of the 2009–10 season, the bulletin changed format and became the Weekly Influenza Surveillance Overview (WISO). Euro Surveill. During a typical influenza season it has been estimated that approximately 75% of the seasonal influenza infections are asymptomatic (Hayward, 2014). The European seasonal influenza vaccination approach is generally to reduce the risk of people at greater risk of complications when infected. It is caused by influenza virus and is easily transmitted, predominantly via the droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands etc. Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households. Introduction. Since 1999 inhaled zanamivir is authorised in all EU/EEA Member States except Cyprus, and since 2002 oral oseltamivir is authorised in all EU Member States. Use of oseltamivir in 12 European countries between 2002 and 2007 – lack of association with the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses. WHO recommends seasonal influenza vaccination for the following risk groups: pregnant women, children aged 6-59 months, the elderly, and individuals with chronic medical conditions. European influenza seasons have been recorded for several years and are continuously under ECDC surveillance. Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011-2014. �6B����?�5�*q��"\F�`������G��@dc��7����"����m�����c�i�G [��2Nk����ϣ̲g��ǔ� `Y'S�Q&IB��TwZ�e�������O2�H��X�6�e�O�>��o�Rm+:�h͍�\�f The information contained in this factsheet is intended for the purpose of general information and should not be used as a substitute for the individual expertise and judgement of healthcare professionals when it comes to patient care. During the influenza transmission season ECDC and the WHO Regional Office for Europe jointly reports on the influenza situation in the wider European region which covers the 53 countries of the WHO European Region (including the EU/EEA Member States). Summary information on antiviral resistance from influenza viruses in Europe is published in the weekly influenza update Flu News Europe. Viruses may be spread when a person touches something that is contaminated with the virus and then touches his or her eyes, nose, or mouth. Despite the often short duration of illness, the yearly economic and healthcare burden of influenza is substantial. That is then a pandemic strain (see Edwin D. Kilbourne, 2006; Influenza Pandemics of the 20th and 21st Century). There is some evidence supporting that surgical masks worn by ill people may reduce infections among close contacts when influenza is circulating. by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. H17-18 and N10-11 have been detected in bats. 2009 April. Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) virus, Europe, 2007–08 season. Influenza spreads predominantly via the droplet and contact routes when people cough and sneeze, and by indirect spread through respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. n��HR�1eY\DYɊ���H�� �RĶ���Sl�*)�h���:c;)N]Hw�7����p� Crit Care Med. In Europe, and the rest of the northern hemisphere, seasonal influenza generally occurs in regular annual epidemics in winter, between November and April. The 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic was declared over in August 2010 by the World Health Organization. Overall influenza-associated mortality has been estimated to 13.8 per 100,000 person-years (Thompson, 2003). The virus characteristics data provide information on the extent of the similarity to the vaccine virus strains, and accordingly vaccine effectiveness, pathogenicity, and susceptibility to antiviral treatments. Seasonal influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease that each year infects approximately 10 to 30 % of Europe's population, and causes hundreds of thousands of hospitalisations across Europe. However, quite often the initial influenza infection is not recognised and the death is not classified as being due to influenza. There are also rapid point of care tests (quick test) that require less time. Funds pledged for avian influenza control in animals during the Beijing conference by donors including the EC, be allocated at global, regional and national levels. EISS began in 1996 and built on earlier surveillance networks in Europe: the Eurosentinel scheme (1987-1991) and the ENS-CARE Influenza Early Warning Scheme (1992-1995). The first pandemic reportedly occurred in 412 BC, 1, 2 and the first attributed to influenza in 1580. The subtypes are determined by two glycoproteins on the virus surface, haemagglutinin (HA) (H1–H18) and neuraminidase (NA) (N1–N11). Based on the genetic analysis of H5N6 viruses detected in Europe and Asia, the EU Reference Laboratory for avian influenza concluded that the European strains can be differentiated from those associated with zoonotic infection in Asia. Euro Surveill. Highly pathogenic avian influenza spreading in Europe, South Asia >>>, 08 November 2016 It is caused by influenza virus and is easily transmitted, predominantly via the droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Apart from vaccination and antiviral treatment the public health management includes personal protective measures. The OIE’s objectives of promoting transparency and understanding of the global animal disease situation continue as a priority of our organisation in the face of this situation, in order to protect public health, and to ensure the safety of world trade in animals and animal products. Although vaccination is the preferred option for preventing influenza, antivirals can be useful when the vaccine fails or is unavailable, for example, due to: antigenic mismatch with circulating virus, waning immunity in elderly, patient being immunocompromised, the vaccine not yet available, or during an outbreak of an emerging influenza strain or pandemic. 2009. the exchange of at least one RNA segment. Influenza viruses are usually classified into three types: A, B and C, according to differences in antigenic and biologic properties. through inclusion of HA and NA subtypes from avian or swine origin by re-assortment, i.e. Read more in Influenza-related deaths - available methods for estimating numbers and detecting patterns for seasonal and pandemic influenza in Europe (Nicoll et al., 2012). © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 2020, Novel avian influenza A(H7N9) virus outbreak, ECDC Threat Reports app - direct access to key updates, Avian influenza overview : ECDC/EFSA surveillance report, Distribution of confirmed A(H7N9) human cases by place of reporting, Toolkit for investigation of cases of avian influenza. 2003;289(2):179-86.Webster RG, Monto AS, Braciale TJ, Lamb RA (editors). The tests performed in laboratories include RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunoassay, immunofluorescence, and virus culture. The network combines epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza. The weekly surveillance of seasonal influenza is complemented by epidemic intelligence activities at ECDC, which encompass monitoring of official and unofficial sources on outbreaks and other influenza-related developments. 2014;42(11):2325-32. Europe has now entered a new inter-pandemic phase of seasonal influenza. Prescription of prophylaxis depends on several factors e.g. It may e.g. But, since 2009 the majority of the circulating influenza A viruses are resistant to the adamantane compounds. consist of swabbing the nose and nasal cavity. cerebral palsy); and. Zucs P, Buchholz U, Haas W, Uphoff H. Influenza-associated excess mortality in Germany, 1985-2001. Avoiding close contact with sick people, e.g. Avian influenza is an infectious viral disease in birds, including domestic poultry. In birds H1-H16 and N1-N9 have been detected. Additionally, aerosol transmission plays a part in influenza virus transmission. However, immunity to influenza viruses and vaccines wane over time and a large part of the population is susceptible each season. Pandemics are the result of larger genetic changes called antigenic shift. Routes of influenza transmission. The level of antiviral resistance is closely followed by public health authorities. However, when flu is widespread in the community, the diagnosis is often presumed without laboratory testing, by simply identifying patients with typical symptoms of influenza-like illness (ILI). In addition, the OIE has strengthened international coordination and cooperation in the control of avian influenza through joint collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO): the three bodies regularly exchange follow-up information on the global zoonotic influenza situation, as one of their 3 Priority Topics. Re-assortments are not that rare but only very occasionally lead to a viable influenza A virus, with ability to infect humans, cause disease in humans, cause sustained person-to-person transmission, and for which many or most humans have little or no immunity. In some cases the disease becomes more severe due to the influenza virus infection or a secondary, usually bacterial, infection e.g. Gran JM, Iversen B, Hungnes O, et al. Sore throat and runny nose may last longer. The report provides a situation update of the avian influenza situation in EU/EEA. Between 16 May and 15 August 2020, seven highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus outbreaks were reported in Europe in poultry, with one outbreak reported in Bulgaria(n=1) andsix in Hungary (n=6) and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) virus outbreak was reported in poultry in Italy. Disease / public health area Vaccination is the most effective form of influenza prevention. Nicoll A, Ciancio BC, Lopez Chavarrias V, Mølbak K, Pebody R, Pedzinski B, et al. Moreover, some people become infected, shed virus, yet are subclinical or asymptomatic cases - their role in transmission is not conclusively determined. Seasonal influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease and annual influenza vaccination is the most effective way to prevent influenza. g����IcyQFyyV?���E�Ѧ����T�O�ۻ��Tv�����p�G��0�V�-2�����l�ѭ�޸�b� {��y����.�d"s�pA2�� |��0G�ϊ���1����h�4ϒ�gI02� �`o�L��7��q�����t�. A summary of the influenza intensity, spread and dominant virus type/subtype. Emerg Infect Dis; 2006. chronic bronchitis); cardiovascular disease (e.g. Partners and networks working with influenza prevention and control. The characteristics of the circulating virus strain and the immunity in the population, contributes to variations in disease burden from year to year, which makes it hard to estimate the annual number of deaths or economic impact. 2010; 138(11):1559-68. The burden from seasonal influenza has two aspects. support countries to control avian influenza in very close collaboration with the EC. Since then, cases continue to be reported from China. Moscona A (2005) Oseltamivir resistance – disabling our influenza defences. Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study. The ERLI-Net sub-network of reference laboratories of the European Influenza Surveillance Network carries out virological surveillance of human influenza in the EU/EEA through the EISN timely reporting mechanism and strengthening laboratory capacity for influenza virus detection, antiviral susceptibility testing and typing. Antibodies against these glycoproteins are associated with immunity against influenza. Type B infections are less common and usually milder than influenza A(H3N2). 1. �K�?��,;q-� 2010;157(5):808-14. In 2011, a live attenuated influenza vaccine was also approved in the EU for children and adolescents. When available, either the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the different rates have been used to estimate the burden, or the stricter or more inclusive rate estimates. Early estimates of the excess mortality associated with the 2008-9 influenza season in Portugal. FAO-DAH’s participant-driven training improves influenza surveillance in Viet Nam >>> 09 November 2016 Highly pathogenic avian influenza spreading in Europe, South Asia >>> 08 November 2016 One Health technical and ministerial meeting opens in Dakar >>> [click here … Type B viruses cause somewhat less severe disease and tend to cause fewer complications than some type A viruses. It is usually not prescribed for more than 10 days. These data contribute to the bi-annual WHO expert meetings where the recommendations of the influenza vaccine composition for the next season are formulated. On average an infectious person will infect less than two non-immune people. individual factors, type of exposure, and risk associated with the exposure. PLoS ONE 3(5): e2101. %���� Treatment focuses on reducing fever and relieving the symptoms. Clin Infect Dis. 2, 3 Since then, 31 influenza pandemics have been described; the five most recent in 1889, 1900, 1918, 1957 and 1968, 1-5 were separated respectively by 11, 18, 39 and 11 years. Occasionally mammals, including humans, may contract avian influenza. Influenza viruses that commonly circulate in swine are called “swine influenza viruses” or “swine flu viruses.” Like human influenza viruses, there are different subtypes and strains of swine influenza viruses. 2014;2(6):445-54. Some countries conduct universal influenza surveillance, meaning that all cases meeting the relevant case definition are reported. Flu News Europe: Weekly influenza updates, © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 2020, Influenza Virus Characterisations Reports, summary Europe, Disease data from ECDC Surveillance Atlas, National, regional and global influenza surveillance reports, ECDC publications and peer-reviewed articles. Moreover, immunity from vaccination wanes over time so annual vaccination is necessary for the vaccine to protect against influenza. Type B does not have subtypes but two antigenically distinct lineages: Victoria and Yamagata. conditions and treatments that suppress the immune function (e.g. During the influenza surveillance season ECDC and WHO Europe jointly publish weekly updates on influenza in Europe, based on information provided by experts, virologists and medical doctors throughout the wider European region. Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial Annals of Internal medicine 2009; 151: 437-446. Only type A viruses are able to cause pandemics as they have a reservoir in animals. Influenza risk groups are people who are more likely than others develop complications should they be infected. Type C viruses cause some human disease but only comparatively few outbreaks. The severity of seasonal influenza depends on the virus, host factors, and other factors, e.g. Some of the main underlying reasons for this are: imperfect vaccine effectiveness, influenza cases do not always seek healthcare, and  delayed and rare use of antiviral treatment. Seasonal influenza causes 4 -50 million symptomatic cases in EU/EEA each year, and 15 000 – 70 000 European citizens die every year of causes associated with influenza. Lancet Respir Med. Dawood FS1, Fiore A, Kamimoto L, et al. Ducatez MF, Pelletier C, Meyer G. Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011-2014. Severe disease may also include myocarditis or encephalitis, which may be fatal. All age groups are affected, though the proportions of the groups vary from year to year according to the dominating viruses and the level of population immunity. Among viruses that infect humans influenza is moderately infectious. If the infected person doesn’t cover his or her mouth and nose people within a range of two meters can be infected. Treatment with neuraminidase inhibitors for critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1)pdm09. ����a�mY+����J]���v� In March 2013 an influenza A(H7N9) virus was detected in patients in China. Furthermore, exacerbations of underlying disease, e.g. Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors was rare in seasonal influenza until the emergence of resistant seasonal A(H1N1) viruses in 2007-2008 (Moscona, 2005; Meijer, 2009). 2nd ed. Influenza activity in Europe during eight seasons (1999-2007): an evaluation of the indicators used to measure activity and an assessment of the timing, length and spread across Europe. http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/2/233.htm, Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) virus, Europe, 2007–08 season, Oseltamivir resistance – disabling our influenza defences. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. Hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States, 1993-2008. Seasonal influenza is a preventable infectious disease with mostly respiratory symptoms. Meijer A, Lackenby A, Hungnes O, Lina B, van der Werf S, Schweiger B, et al. 2009 Feb 5;14(5). Avian influenza is mainly found in birds, but under certain circumstances infections can also occur in humans even though the risk is generally very low. At any one time there is a mix of influenza viruses circulating in the human population. At irregular intervals there are influenza pandemics. Zhou H, Thompson WW, Viboud CG, et al. pii: 19112. Influenza vaccine is not licensed for children less than 6 months old. Retrouvez dans ce dossier tous les éléments à connaître sur l'influenza aviaire en Europe et sur les mesures de prévention à mettre en place sur la France entière pour éviter le retour d'une nouvelle épizootie. Read the overview. Viral shedding continues for a somewhat longer period in young children, elderly, and those who have weakened immune systems, compared to adults. 2007;7(1):141. All these influenza A viruses that have been detected in mammals or poultry originated at some point from wild aquatic birds. Sentinel surveillance of influenza-like illness and acute respiratory illness in primary care settings. Its world network of Reference Laboratories and Collaborating Centres provides policy advice, strategy design and technical assistance for the control and eradication of these viruses. Post-exposure prophylaxis with influenza antivirals, for example for an at-risk unvaccinated person, is dependent on timely prescription given that the incubation period is 1-4 days. Influenza activity in Europe during eight seasons (1999-2007): an evaluation of the indicators used to measure activity and an assessment of the timing, length and spread across Europe. CMAJ. Distribution of confirmed A(H7N9) human cases by place of reporting. This Asiatic form of H5N1 triggered concern from scientists and authorities and remains under close surveillance due to its feared pandemic potential if a mutation allows it to be transmitted from human to human. Most simple seasonal influenza cases are managed symptomatically and are advised bedrest at home to minimize the risk for infecting others in the community. A global overview is also available from WHO. Moreover, an EU target was set by the Health Council of all Health Ministers of 75% vaccination coverage by 2014/15 in the older age groups, and if possible extended to people with chronic conditions. This particular A(H7N9) virus had not previously been seen in either animals or people until it was found in March 2013 in China. The surveillance data reported comes largely from sentinel influenza surveillance systems, which cover a subset of the population in each country. 2015;21(2):368-71. BMC Infectious Diseases. However this may not always occur. Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study. ECDC also regularly publishes stand-alone, detailed virus characterisation reports. chronic lung conditions (e.g. chronic renal failure); chronic neurological conditions and physical handicap (e.g. A pandemic is the rapid spread of a new human influenza around the world. coronary artery disease); chronic kidney diseases (e.g. ECDC collects epidemiological and virological data from the EU/EEA Member States. 2013;7 Suppl 2:42-51. The genome of influenza viruses is subject to a significant spontaneous mutation rate, known as antigenic drift. Influenza viruses are usually classified into three types: A, B and C, according to differences in antigenic and biologic properties. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic review, Use of oseltamivir in 12 European countries between 2002 and 2007 – lack of association with the appearance of oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1N1) viruses. Seasonal epidemics during those years can be more severe than during the years before the pandemic. Seasonal influenza is a preventable infectious disease with mostly respiratory symptoms. The complications can potentially occur in anyone, but hospitalisations are more common in older persons (≥65 years of age, 309/100,000 person-years) (Zhou, 2012) and in the youngest children (<1 year of age, 151/100,000 person-years) (Zhou, 2012). In the northern hemisphere, including Europe, seasonal influenza generally occurs in epidemics between November and April each year, and in the southern hemisphere between June and October. Neuraminidase inhibitors, oral oseltamivir and inhaled zanamivir, are useful for treatment and prophylactic use. One Health technical and ministerial meeting opens in Dakar >>>, H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of clade 2.3.4.4 detected through surveillance of wild migratory birds in the Tyva Republic, the Russian Federation – potential for international spread (September 2016) >>>, Addressing H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza - Qualitative risk assessment on spread in the Central African region(October 2016) >>>, Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1 HPAI) spread in The Middle East: risk assessment(September 2016) >>>, Qualitative risk assessment update (April 2014) >>>, Surveillance guidelines for uninfected countries in Southeast Asia and South Asia(November 2013) >>>, Laboratory protocols and algorithms (June 2013) >>>, Guidelines for risk communication messaging (September 2015) >>>, Biosecurity for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): Issues and options (FAO guidelines) >>>, Biosecurity guide for live poultry markets (FAO guidelines) >>>, Economic analysis of animal diseases (FAO guidelines) >>>. However these tests generally have a low sensitivity but high specificity, and do not allow subtype determination. © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) 2020, Questions and answers on seasonal influenza, Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial Annals of Internal medicine 2009. The burden of influenza-associated critical illness hospitalizations. For A(H1N1)pdm09 oseltamivir resistance has so far only been detected at very low levels in Europe. However, at least one observational study of A(H1N1)pdm09 found improved survival in the severely ill when antiviral treatment was provided within five days of symptom onset (Louie, 2012). EISN builds on the European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) which was coordinated by the Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, NIVEL. The burden of influenza-associated critical illness hospitalizations. Killingley B, Nguyen-Van-Tam J. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/2/233.htm. Non EU Member Countries of Eastern Europe located on the borders of other continents be Secondly, but of greater economic impact, are the large numbers of mild to moderate cases which result in time off work, losses to production and pressure and costs on the health and social care services. J Pediatr. The virus then re-emerged in 2003 and 2004, and spread from Asia to Europe and Africa causing several hundred human cases and deaths, as well as destruction of hundreds of millions of poultry. Apart from vaccination and antiviral treatment the public health management includes personal protective measures: It is thought that all of these measures may reduce the risk of transmission of influenza though in fact the evidence base is weak. Routine laboratory diagnostics for influenza are usually performed by detecting the virus antigen or genome in specimens from the respiratory tract. 2 0 obj<>stream There have been no reported human infections with this particular genetic sub … Impact of influenza exposure on rates of hospital admissions and physician visits because of respiratory illness among pregnant women. Type A viruses are responsible for the highest burden of disease during seasonal epidemics, although both influenza A and B types are able to cause epidemics, significant disease and deaths. ECDC continues to emphasise that all Europeans who are recommended to have the influenza vaccine should get vaccinated. by maintaining a distance of at least one meter from someone with symptoms of influenza, and avoiding crowded situations. Influenza pandemics happen when a new strain of a flu virus appears which can infect humans, to which most people have no immunity and which can transmit efficiently from human to human. There is also evidence of a fourth type: D (Ducatez, 2015). Influenza surveillance is carried out worldwide, including in the EU. Jefferson T, et al. WHO also recommends vaccination of healthcare workers. Cowling BJ, Fung ROP, Cheng CKY, Fang VJ, Chan KH, et al. In some cases the pandemic strain replaces one of the previously circulating strains. In addition, although most avian influenza viruses do not infect humans, some, such as avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9, are well known to the public because of their implication in serious and sometimes fatal infections in people. �?p¶�w�i� �Ku�-��Ee�����S����A0�X�Z�0uT�}� A���NY��'z,�' {ƂO�r}ʛ��X !Q!R\i�0?��N��k_�P%��� p�mu��pJ�. Emerg Infect Dis. Virus characteristics. Estimating influenza-related excess mortality and reproduction numbers for seasonal influenza in Norway, 1975–2004. Ortiz JR, Neuzil KM, Shay DK, et al. Sampling can e.g. The diagnosis can be confirmed by taking specimens for laboratory analysis. Since then, cases continue to be reported from China.

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