The short generation time means that influenza epidemics generally peak at around 2 months and burn out after 3 months: the decision to intervene in an influenza epidemic, therefore, has to be taken early, and the decision is therefore often made on the back of incomplete data. Not enough data was available to draw definite conclusions about serious complications such as pneumonia or hospitalization. 22"H x 11"W, Accepted forms of payment: American Express, Discover, MasterCard, Visa, Wire Transfer. [188] This idea was first proposed by Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson in 1981. [18] Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses, and birds. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. [1][4] About 20% of unvaccinated children and 10% of unvaccinated adults are infected each year. En haute-Volta, actuel Burkina Faso, le président Maurice Yaméogo démissionne et remet le pouvoir à Aboubacar Sangoulé Lamizana. [97] Although a single sneeze releases up to 40,000 droplets,[99] most of these droplets are quite large and will quickly settle out of the air. [103], The mechanisms by which influenza infection causes symptoms in humans have been studied intensively. [67][105], For instance, part of the process that allows influenza viruses to invade cells is the cleavage of the viral hemagglutinin protein by any one of several human proteases. This virus is still in circulation. This process gives rise to new strains of influenza A. RNA tends to be single stranded but in special cases it is double. Lots not paid for and/or removed within the time specified may be resold at public or private sale without further notice. DISPUTES BETWEEN BIDDERS: The decision of the auctioneer shall be final and absolute. Provenance: From a private collection, Indianapolis, IN. We make every effort to accurately describe each lot using complete descriptions and detailed photographs. [153] It should be done within 3–4 days of symptom onset, as upper respiratory viral shedding takes a downward spiral after that. The flu outbreak of 1968 was the third influenza pandemic of the 20th century and resulted in an estimated one million to four million deaths. [39][40] The obvious symptom is trouble breathing. [74], Influenza viruses bind through hemagglutinin onto sialic acid sugars on the surfaces of epithelial cells, typically in the nose, throat, and lungs of mammals, and intestines of birds (Stage 1 in infection figure). [204], An overall lack of data up until 1500 precludes meaningful search for the influenza outbreaks in the more distant past. [104] Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [281] As the virus spreads rapidly in the crowded conditions seen in the intensive farming of chickens and turkeys, these outbreaks can cause large economic losses to poultry farmers. ", "Lesser-Known Strain of Bird Flu Kills 2 in China", "Human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus in China", "Deadly Bird Flu Spreading in China, Unclear How", "Background and summary of human infection with influenza A(H7N9) virus – as of 5 April 2013", "Analysis of recent scientific information on avian influenza A(H7N9) virus", "Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature", "Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement", "W.H.O. [156] It is advised to avoid close contact with others to prevent spread of infection. [164], The antiviral medications amantadine and rimantadine inhibit a viral ion channel (M2 protein), thus inhibiting replication of the influenza A virus. [150], Social distancing strategies used during past pandemics, such as quarantines, travel restrictions, and the closing of schools, churches and theaters, have been employed to slow the spread of influenza viruses. The full purchase price plus all applicable taxes and fees is expected before removal or shipping of any of the items. [203] This huge death toll was caused by an extremely high infection rate of up to 50% and the extreme severity of the symptoms, suspected to be caused by cytokine storms. Symptoms can be mild to severe. During this pandemic an estimated 25 million persons throughout the world died of the so-called Spanish flu, which was first widely reported in Spain but originated in the U.S. state of Kansas. The Company will not be responsible for any loss, damage, theft, or otherwise responsible for any goods left in the Company's possession after ten (10) days. Ripley Auctions is acting as agent only and is not responsible for acts of its principals. I, pp. Bleeding from the ears and petechial hemorrhages in the skin also occurred. The minimum cost for shipping is $20.00. With Barbara Steele, John Karlsen, Ian Ogilvy, Mel Welles. [172], The flu can worsen chronic health problems. The 2009 H1N1 outbreak was not nearly as deadly as the pandemic of 1918–19. Although the strain of the virus is not thought to spread efficiently between humans,[286][287] by mid-April, at least 82 persons had become ill from H7N9, of which 17 had died. [113][114] However, another possibility is that these large amounts of cytokines are just a result of the massive levels of viral replication produced by these strains, and the immune response does not itself contribute to the disease. [288][289][290], In pigs swine influenza produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing and decreased appetite. Though these subtypes rarely cause infection in humans, they are recognized as having epidemic and pandemic potential. [106] Strains that are easily transmitted between people have hemagglutinin proteins that bind to receptors in the upper part of the respiratory tract, such as in the nose, throat and mouth. [252] Application of this observation by Francis allowed his group of researchers at the University of Michigan to develop the first influenza vaccine, with support from the U.S. La finale de la huitième coupe du monde de football a lieu au stade Wembley à Londres. 01/01/1966. La Grande Bretagne accorde l'indépendance au Bostwana. and participating auction houses. Ajournement du procès relatif à l´enlèvement de Ben Barka. [1] This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances. [185] H5N1 exhibits seasonality in both humans and birds.[186][187]. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses descriptions of: Liu SL, Zhang ZL, Tian ZQ, Zhao HS, Liu H, Sun EZ, Xiao GF, Zhang W, Wang HZ, Pang DW (2011) Effectively and efficiently dissecting the infection of influenza virus by quantum dot-based single-particle tracking. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Additional costs would come from medical treatment of 18 million to 45 million people, and total economic costs would be approximately $700 billion. This page was last edited on 30 October 2020, at 00:13. Influenza viruses are categorized as types A, B, C, and D. These major types generally produce similar symptoms but are completely unrelated antigenically, so that infection with one type confers no immunity against the others. La belge Yvonne Reynders remporte pour la quatrième fois le championnat du monde de cyclisme féminin sur route au circuit de Nurburgring en Allemagne. [198] However, since the strains produced by drift will still be reasonably similar to the older strains, some people will still be immune to them. In Rome, over 8,000 people were killed. It is known that virions converge to the microtubule organizing center, interact with acidic endosomes and finally enter the target endosomes for genome release. Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus. People over 65 years old, pregnant women, very young children and people of any age with chronic medical conditions are more likely to get complications from influenza, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus, and ear infections. [158] High-risk individuals such as young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and those with compromised immune systems should visit the doctor for antiviral medications. [263][needs update], Research on influenza includes studies on molecular virology, how the virus produces disease (pathogenesis), host immune responses, viral genomics, and how the virus spreads (epidemiology). [1] Antiviral medications such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, among others, have been used to treat influenza. Premier atterrissage en douceur d´une sonde américaine sur la Lune, ´Surveyor I´. (American, 1912-2002) Several other subtypes of bird flu viruses are known, including H7N2, H7N3, and H9N2. Painted in Vienna, January 1966 - La Picaudière, May 1966 - Hahnsäge, December 23, 1966 Influenza, acute viral infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract, marked by fever, chills, and a generalized feeling of malaise. [248] However, the conceptual differences between viruses and bacteria as different entities was not fully understood for some time, complicating preventative measures taken during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Mao Zedong lance la "Révolution culturelle prolétarienne" en Chine, destinée à éliminer les "représentants de la bourgeoisie dans le parti, le gouvernement, l'armée et les milieux culturels". II, pp. Mme Indira Gandhi devient Premier ministre de l´Inde (assassinée le 31 octobre 1984). [88] The vRNA either is exported into the cytoplasm and translated (step 4) or remains in the nucleus. An alternative hypothesis to explain seasonality in influenza infections is an effect of vitamin D levels on immunity to the virus. Les travaux mobiliseront plus de 10 000 personnes pendant 7 ans. [41], Sometimes, influenza may have abnormal presentations, like confusion in the elderly and a sepsis-like syndrome in the young. Exhibition venues included the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum, Pennsylvania Academy, Art Institute of Chicago, and the American Academy in Rome, Italy. Several Spanish cities saw large scale deaths, among the fatalities the Queen of Spain, Anna of Austria. This is why the World Health Organization (assisted by the National Influenza Centers) makes recommendations for two different vaccine formulations every year; one for the Northern, and one for the Southern Hemisphere. [65], This genus has one species, influenza C virus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs, sometimes causing both severe illness and local epidemics. [116], The influenza vaccine is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for high-risk groups, such as pregnant women, children aged less than five years, the elderly, health care workers, and people who have chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or are immunocompromised among others. Her seven berth layout is modern in design and gives the impression of being light, airy and volumous. For example, influenza A subtype H2N2, or 1957 flu pandemic, apparently began in East Asia early in 1957, and by midyear it had circled the globe. [1] The benefit of antiviral medications in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks. Most influenza virus strains are not very infectious and each infected individual will only go on to infect one or two other individuals (the basic reproduction number for influenza is generally around 1.4). [103] They are inactivated by heating to 56 °C (133 °F) for a minimum of 60 minutes, as well as by acids (at pH <2).
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